Prevalence of diabetes mellitus among Uygur children in Hotan Prefecture of Xinjiang, China / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) among Uygur children in Hotan Prefecture of Xinjiang, China, as well as the factors influencing the development of DM.@*METHODS@#The cluster random sampling method was used to select 5 308 children, aged 4-18 years, from the middle and primary schools and kindergartens in Hotan Prefecture of Xinjiang. The survey methods included questionnaire survey and the measurement of height and weight. All subjects were tested for fasting fingertip blood glucose to investigate the prevalence of DM and impaired fasting glucose (IFG).@*RESULTS@#A total of 5 184 valid questionnaires were collected. Fourteen children (0.27%) were found to have DM, among whom 8 had type 1 DM, 2 had type 2 DM, and 4 had unclassified DM. Twenty-nine children (0.56%) were found to have IFG. There was no significant difference in the prevalence rate of DM and IFG between boys and girls (P>0.05). The prevalence rate of DM was 0.18% in the 4-<10 years group, 0.47% in the 10-<15 years group, and 0.07% in the 15-18 years group (P=0.072).The prevalence rate of IFG in the above three age groups was 0.18%, 0.94%, and 0.42%, respectively, with a significant difference among groups (P=0.007). The proportion of family history of DM and the proportion of overweight/obesity in children with DM were significantly higher than those in children without DM (P<0.05), while the proportion of children with DM who preferred coarse grains was significantly lower than that in children without DM (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The prevalence of DM and IFG in Uyghur children in Hotan Prefecture of Xinjiang is relatively low. There is no significant difference in the prevalence of DM among children of different genders or age groups, but the prevalence of IFG in children of different age groups is different. A family history of DM, overweight or obesity, and low intake of coarse grains might be associated with the development of DM.

Prevalência de pré-diabetes e hiperglicemia intermediária em adultos e fatores associados, Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde / Prediabetes and intermediate hyperglycemia prevalence in adults and associated factors, Health National Survey

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de pré-diabetes e hiperglicemia intermediária em adultos brasileiros, considerando diferentes critérios diagnósticos, e estabelecer fatores associados à sua ocorrência. Análise dos dados laboratoriais da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, coletados em 2014 e 2015. Foram calculadas as prevalências das condições conforme critérios da Associação Americana de Diabetes (ADA) - Hemoglobina Glicada (HbA1c) 5,7 a 6,4% - e da Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS), de 6 - 6,4% entre aqueles que não tinham critério para diabetes. Razões de prevalência (RP) brutas e ajustadas e IC 95% foram calculados por regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. A prevalência de pré-diabetes pelo critério ADA foi de 18,5% e de 7,5% pelo critério da OMS. Verificou-se um gradiente de aumento das prevalências segundo a idade da população e presença de fatores de risco como hipertensão arterial, obesidade, circunferência abdominal elevada e baixo colesterol HDL. Os menos escolarizados e os declarados pretos apresentaram prevalências superiores. Este estudo aponta um intervalo entre 7,5 a 18,5% de adultos brasileiros que apresentam pré-diabetes e hiperglicemia intermediária, além de identificar um escore de risco para a ocorrência dessa condição.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of prediabetes and intermediate hyperglycemia in Brazilian adults, according to different diagnostic criteria, and establish associated factors to its occurrence. We analyzed the National Health Survey laboratory data collected from 2014 to 2015. The prevalence of the conditions was calculated according to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) diagnostic criteria based on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) 5.7%-6.4%, and the World Health Organization (WHO) 6-6.4%, among those without criteria for diabetes. Crude and adjusted prevalence rates (PR) and 95% CI were calculated using Poisson regression with robust variance. The prevalence of prediabetes by ADA and WHO criteria was 18.5 and 7.5%, respectively. We observed a gradient of increased prevalence by the age of the population and risk factors, like arterial hypertension, obesity, elevated waist circumference, and low HDL cholesterol levels. Less educated people and the self-declared black had a higher prevalence. This study pointed out a range from 7.5 to 18.5% of Brazilian adults with prediabetes and intermediate hyperglycemia and identified a risk score to this condition's occurrence.

Valor de corte del índice cintura/cadera como predictor independiente de disglucemias / Cutoff value of the waist-hip ratio as an independent predictor of dysglycemia

RESUMEN Introducción: En Cuba, no existe consenso acerca de qué valor del índice cintura/cadera debe ser considerado de riesgo para identificar disglucemias. Objetivos: Determinar el punto de corte del índice cintura/cadera como predictor de disglucemias para ambos sexos, en personas con sospecha de padecer diabetes mellitus. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal con 975 personas, de ellas 523 mujeres y 452 hombres. La muestra no fue obtenida de población general y no fue aleatoria. A los sujetos se les realizó interrogatorio, examen físico y estudios complementarios. Se determinaron distribuciones de frecuencia de las variables cualitativas y cuantitativas. Se utilizó para el procesamiento estadístico el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson, análisis de regresión logística y el análisis de curvas Receiver Operator Characteristic. Se empleó la prueba Chi Cuadrado para evaluar la significación estadística. Resultados: En ambos sexos observamos una correlación directamente proporcional y significativa entre el índice cintura/cadera y las diferentes variables estudiadas, entre ellas: glucemia en ayunas y a las 2h, insulinemia en ayunas, triglicéridos, ácido úrico y el índice de resistencia a la insulina (HOMA-IR). El colesterol se comportó de la misma forma en los hombres, pero en las mujeres se verificó una correlación débil y no significativa. El punto de corte óptimo del índice cintura/cadera, como predictor independiente de disglucemias, fue de 0,85 en las mujeres y 0,93 en los hombres. El índice cintura/cadera presentó un buen poder predictivo para identificar a sujetos con y sin disglucemias para ambos sexos y superior al de la edad. Conclusiones: El punto de corte óptimo del índice cintura/cadera, como predictor independiente de disglucemias, es de 0,85 en las mujeres y 0,93 en los hombres. Su poder predictor de disglucemias fue bueno(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: In Cuba, there is no consensus about what value of the waist-hip ratio must be considered as a risk to identify dysglycemia. Objectives: To determine the cut-off point of the waist-hip ratio as a predictor of dysglycemias for both sexes, in people suspected of suffering from diabetes mellitus. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study with 975 people, including 523 women and 452 men. The sample was not obtained from general population and it was not random. The subjects underwent interrogation, physical examination and complementary studies. There were identified frequency distributions of qualitative and quantitative variables. It was used for the statistical processing the Pearson's correlation coefficient, logistic regression analysis and the curves analysis called Receiver Operator Characteristic. It was used the chi-square test to assess the statistical significance. Results: In both sexes, it was observed a directly proportional and significant correlation between the waist-hip ratio and the different variables studied, including: fasting and after 2 hours glycemia, fasting insulinemia, triglycerides, uric acid and the insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR). Cholesterol behaved the same way in men, but in women there was a weak and not significant correlation. The optimal cut-point of the waist-hip ratio, as an independent predictor of dysglycemia, was 0.85 in women and 0.93 in men. The waist-hip ratio presented a good predictive power to identify subjects with and without dysglycemia for both sexes and it was higher than that of the age. Conclusions: The optimal cut-point of the waist-hip ratio, as an independent predictor of dysglycemia, was 0.85 in women and 0.93 in men. Its power as predictor of dysglycemia was good(AU)

Prediabetes in Colombia: Expert Consensus / Prediabetes en Colombia: Consenso de expertos

Abstract The prevalence of Prediabetes in Colombia is high, and despite being recognized and categorized in the main Medical Guidelines and included in the International Classification of Diseases in Colombia, knowledge and awareness of it is limited amongst healthcare professionals and in the community. Our expert group recommends that educational programs emphasize a global approach to risk which includes a recognition of the importance of prediabetes and its evaluation along with and other risk factors such as a family history of DM2, overweight and obesity, dislipidemia and hypertension. Studies conducted in Colombia demonstrate the value of the FINDRIS questionnaire as a tool to identify subjects at risk of prediabetes and DM2, and we recommend that it should be systematic applied throughout the country as part of government policy. Prediabetes progresses to DM2 at an annual rate of 10%, but it has also been shown that prediabetes is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular outcomes. On this basis, the Committee recommends that once prediabetes is detected and diagnosed, immediate management of the disease begins through lifestyle changes, with follow up assessments performed at 3 and 6 months. If the patient does not respond with a weight loss of at least 5% and if the HbA1C values ​​are not normalized, pharmacological management should be initiated with a metformin dose of 500 mg / day, increasing up to 1,500 - 1,700 mg / day, according to tolerance.

Resumen La prevalencia de Prediabetes en Colombia es alta y a pesar estar reconocida y categorizada en las principales Guías Médicas y estar incluida en la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades vigente en Colombia, el conocimiento que de ella tiene el equipo de salud y la comunidad es limitada. El grupo de expertos recomienda que en los programas educativos se insista en un enfoque global del riesgo incluyendo la importancia de conocer y evaluar la prediabetes y otros factores de riesgo como antecedentes familiares de DM2, sobrepeso y obesidad, dislipidemia e hipertensión. Estudios realizados en Colombia demuestran la utilidad de la encuesta FINDRIS para identificar sujetos en riesgo de prediabetes y DM2 por lo que se recomienda que la aplicación del FINDRIS debe ser una política gubernamental y aplicada en todo el país. La Prediabetes progresa hacia DM2 a una tasa anual del 10% y se ha demostrado que independientemente de esto la Prediabetes es un factor de riesgo para desenlaces cardiovasculares por lo que el Comité recomienda que una vez detectada y diagnosticada, se inicie el manejo inmediato a través de cambios en el estilo de vida y realizar valoración a los 3 y 6 meses. Si el paciente no responde con una pérdida de peso de al menos el 5% y si no se normalizan los valores de HbA1C, iniciar manejo farmacológico con una dosis de 500 mg/día de metformina, escalando hasta 1,500 - 1,700 mg/día, según tolerancia.

Utilidad de una escala de riesgo para identificar pacientes con disglucemia / Utility of a risk scale to identify patients with dysglycemia

Introducción: la prevalencia de diabetes y prediabetes ha ido en aumento a nivel global y en Cuba. Para identificar individuos en riesgo de disglucemia se han desarrollado varias escalas. Objetivo: evaluar el desempeño de la escala de Bang y otros, para identificar individuos con disglucemia, en una población cubana laboralmente activa. Métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal en 2 902 pacientes, fueron clasificados en portadores o no de disglucemia, a través de las pruebas de glucemia en ayunas, de tolerancia a la glucosa y hemoglobina glucosilada. Se determinó la frecuencia de factores de riesgo de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 comprendidos en la escala de Bang y otros, y en el proceder enfocado en factores de riesgo de American Diabetes Association. Se determinó sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo, valor predictivo negativo y Odds Ratio de ambas estrategias. En ambos se calculó el área bajo la curva operativa del receptor. Resultados: se encontró relación entre cada uno de los factores de riesgo previstos en ambos procederes con el diagnóstico de disglucemia. Se encontró sensibilidad de 96,5 por ciento y 79,9 por ciento; especificidad de 20,9 por ciento y 59,1 por ciento; valor predictivo positivo de 10,7 por ciento y 16,1 por ciento; valor predictivo negativo de 98,4 por ciento y 96,8 por ciento; OR de 7,33 y 6,76 y área bajo la curva 0,77 y 0,79 para la escala de Bang y otros, y el procedimiento enfocado en factores de riesgo, respectivamente. Conclusiones: ambos procederes identificaron de forma aceptable el grupo de pacientes con disglucemia(AU)

Introduction: The prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes has been increasing globally and also in Cuba. Several scales have been developed to identify individuals at risk for dysglycemia. Objective: To evaluate the performance of the Bang et al. scale to identify individuals with dysglycemia in a Cuban labor-active population. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 2 902 patients, classified as having or not suffering from dysglycemia, through fasting glycemia, glucose tolerance test and glycosylated hemoglobin. The frequencies of risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus included in the Bang et al. scale and in the risk factor approach of the American Diabetes Association were determined. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and Odds Ratio of both strategies were determined. In both, the area under the receiver operating curve was calculated. Results: A relationship was found between each of the predicted risk factors in both procedures with the diagnosis of dysglycemia. Sensitivity was 96.5 percent and 79.9 percent; Specificity of 20.9 percent and 59.1 percent; Positive predictive value of 10.7 percent and 16.1 percent; Negative predictive value of 98.4 percent and 96.8 percent; OR of 7.33 and 6.76 and area under the curve 0.77 and 0.79 for the scale of Bang et al. and the procedure focused on risk factors respectively. Conclusions: Both procedures identified in an acceptable manner the group of patients with dysglycemia(AU)

Detección precoz de pacientes con riesgo de diabetes mellitus en la atención secundaria de salud / Early detection of patients at risk of diabetes mellitus in secondary health care

Introducción: los pacientes prediabéticos poseen riesgo de desarrollo de diabetes mellitus. Su diagnóstico precoz puede prevenir la aparición de esta condición metabólica. Objetivo: identificar la prevalencia de pacientes con prediabetes durante el chequeo médico y la caracterización de algunos aspectos clínicos y epidemiológicos. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal en el Hospital Militar Docente Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroyde Matanzas. La muestra estuvo constituida por 434 individuos a los que se les diagnosticó prediabetes. Resultados: predominó el sexo masculino (88 por ciento), siendo más frecuente para ambos sexos el grupo de edad de 45 a 54 años. En la categoría de glicemia en ayunas alterada hubo 234 pacientes (54 por ciento), 139 (32 por ciento) con tolerancia a la glucosa alterada y 61 (14 por ciento) portadores de prediabetes doble. El factor de riesgo más frecuente fue la dislipidemia, seguido del índice de masa corporal mayor e igual de 25 y la edad mayor de 45 años. En las enfermedades concomitantes predominó la hipertensión arterial esencial (68 por ciento) y la cardiopatía isquémica (25 por ciento). En el estado nutricional predominaron los sobrepesos y obesos con el 54 y 47 por ciento, respectivamente. Conclusiones: en la atención secundaria de salud fue detectada precozmente una elevada prevalencia de pacientes con riesgo de desarrollo de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 que desconocían su condición(AU)

Introduction: Pre-diabetic patients are at risk of developing diabetes mellitus. Early diagnosis can prevent the onset of this metabolic condition. Objective: To identify the prevalence of patients with prediabetes during the medical check-up, and at the same time to characterize some clinical and epidemiological aspects. Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted at the Military Teaching Hospital Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroy from Matanzas. The sample consisted of 434 individuals who were diagnosed with prediabetes. Results: The male sex predominated (88 percent), being more frequent for both sexes the age group of 45 to 54 years. In the altered fasting glycemia category, there were 234 patients (54 percent), 139 (32 percent) with impaired glucose tolerance and 61 (14 percent) patients with double prediabetes. The most frequent risk factor was dyslipidemia, followed by a greater and equal body mass index of 25 and age over 45 years. In the concomitant diseases, essential hypertension predominated (68 percent) and ischemic heart disease (25 percent). In the nutritional status, overweight and obese were predominant with 54 and 47 percent, respectively. Conclusions: At secondary health care, a high prevalence of patients with risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus who did not know their condition was detected early(AU)

Caracterización de los pacientes diabéticos y prediabéticos portadores de VIH en hospital terciario de Concepción / Characterization of diabetic and prediabetic patients carriying of HIV in a tertiary hospital in Concepcion

The increased survival of patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), due in great part to antiretroviral therapy, has led to the disease becoming a chronic condition. The result of this new picture, is the development of several chronic metabolic diseases, including diabetes mellitus. The aim of this retrospective study is to evaluate the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and prediabetes in HIV people that is controlled in a tertiary Chilean hospital and other epidemiological aspects of this condition. The results show a prevalence of 2.95 percent of diabetes and 13.0 percent of prediabetes in HIV patients, similar results to the international literature. The vast majority of these patients acquire diabetes or prediabetes after the HIV debut. It is important to know our local prevalence of metabolic comorbidities in these patients, in this case diabetes and prediabetes, to improve our research and adequate treatment in this population.

Disglucemia y aterosclerosis en población laboralmente activa / Dysglycemia and Atherosclerosis in the Working Population

Introducción: la prevalencia de diabetes mellitus y prediabetes ha ido en aumento a nivel mundial y en Cuba. Ambas incrementan el riesgo de aterosclerosis. En población laboralmente activa, se estima una prevalencia de 0,3 por ciento para la diabetes, cifra que difiere de otros estudios en el país. Prolongar el período de vida profesionalmente útil del personal laboralmente activo obliga a adelantarnos al daño, identificando a aquellos en riesgo de aterosclerosis relacionada con disglucemia. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de disglucemia y su relación con los factores de riesgo de aterosclerosis y con la enfermedad aterosclerótica establecida en el personal que acude a examen médico preventivo. Método: se realizó un estudio transversal, descriptivo y analítico en 2 913 pacientes que acudieron a chequeo médico. Se recolectaron datos generales, antropométricos, factores de riesgo de aterosclerosis y enfermedad cardiovascular. Se realizó glucemia en ayunas, colesterol total, triglicéridos, creatinina y cálculo del filtrado glomerular. Además prueba de tolerancia a la glucosa oral y hemoglobina glucosilada en casos indicados. Los pacientes fueron clasificados en diabéticos, prediabéticos y no diabéticos. Resultados: se identificaron 177 diabéticos y 241 prediabéticos, correspondiente a prevalencia de 6,1 por ciento y 8,3 por ciento, respectivamente. De ellos, 23 casos nuevos de diabetes mellitus (0,8 por ciento). Se encontró alta relación entre la disglucemia, los factores de riesgo de aterosclerosis y la enfermedad cardiovascular y renal crónica. Conclusiones: la disglucemia tiene alta prevalencia en el personal estudiado. Tanto prediabetes como diabetes se relacionan con los factores de riesgo de aterosclerosis y con la enfermedad cardiovascular y renal crónica(AU)

Introduction: the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and pre-diabetes has been increasing worldwide and in Cuba. Both increase the risk of atherosclerosis. In the labor-intensive population, a prevalence of 0.3 percent for diabetes is estimated, a figure that differs from other studies in the country. Prolonging the professionally useful life of the workforce actively requires to anticipate the harm, identifying those at risk for atherosclerosis related to dysglycemia. Objective: determine the prevalence of dysglycemia and its relation with atherosclerosis risk factors and with atherosclerotic disease established in subjects attending a preventive medical examination. Method: a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study was carried out on 2913 subjects who attended a medical check-up. General data, anthropometric data, atherosclerosis risk factors and cardiovascular disease were collected. Fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine and calculation of glomerular filtration were performed. In addition, oral glucose tolerance test and glycosylated hemoglobin in the indicated cases. Patients were classified as diabetic, pre-diabetic and non-diabetic. Results: a hundred seventy seven (177) diabetics and two hundred forty one (241) pre-diabetics were identified, corresponding to a prevalence of 6.1 percent and 8.3 percent, respectively. Twenty three (23) are new cases of diabetes mellitus (0.8 percent). A high relationship was found between dysglycemia, risk factors for atherosclerosis, and chronic cardiovascular and renal disease. Conclusions: dysglycemia has high prevalence in the subjects studied. Both pre-diabetes and diabetes are related to risk factors for atherosclerosis and chronic cardiovascular and renal disease(AU)

Sobrepeso-obesidad y factores de riesgo cardiometabólico en niños y adolescentes de la ciudad de Mérida, Venezuela / Overweight-obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents from Merida city, Venezuela

Con el objetivo de establecer la frecuencia de sobrepeso-obesidad y factores de riesgo cardiometabólico (FRC) (sedentarismo, dislipidemia, elevación de presión arterial y alteración de carbohidratos), en niños y adolescentes de la ciudad de Mérida, Venezuela, se estudiaron 922 niños y adolescentes entre 9 y 18 años de edad, procedentes de diferentes instituciones educativas. Se tomaron medidas antropométricas y presión arterial; se calculó el índice de masa corporal. En ayunas, se midieron niveles de glucemia, insulina y lípidos, y posterior a 2h de sobrecarga de glucosa, se midieron glucemia e insulina. Se calculó el índice HOMA-IR. Se observó sedentarismo en 49,3% de los participantes, dislipidemia en 28,3%, sobrepeso-obesidad en 17,4% (7,9% obesidad y 9,5% sobrepeso), pre-hipertensión e hipertensión arterial (Pre-HTA/HTA) en 8,8%, prediabetes en 4%, resistencia a la insulina en 3,9% y síndrome metabólico (SM) en 2,5%. Hubo una significativa mayor frecuencia de sedentarismo en el sexo femenino y de SM en el masculino. Los FRC estuvieron asociados al sobrepeso-obesidad, los más frecuentes fueron la dislipidemia 50,3% vs 23,7% en el grupo con IMC normal-bajo y la Pre-HTA/HTA 23,8% vs 5,7% (p=0,0001 para ambos). En el grupo sobrepeso-obesidad, el riesgo de Pre-HTA/HTA fue 5,14 veces mayor que en el de IMC normal-bajo, el riesgo de dislipidemia fue 3,26 y el de SM fue 119,56 veces mayor (p=0,0001). Se concluye que la frecuencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en Mérida ha aumentado en el tiempo, y en vista de la clara asociación con FRC, se recomienda impartir educación poblacional e individual para mejorar el estado nutricional.

To establish the prevalence of overweight-obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors (CRF) (sedentary lifestyle, dyslipidemia, hypertension and impaired carbohydrate metabolism) in children and adolescents in the city of Mérida, Venezuela, we studied 922 children and adolescents from 9 to 18 years of age, from different educational institutions. Anthropometric measurements and arterial blood pressure were recorded. Body mass index was calculated. Fasting blood glucose, insulin and lipids levels, and glucose and insulin 2 h post-load glucose were measured. HOMA-IR was calculated. In order of frequency, sedentary lifestyle was observed in 49.3% of participants, dyslipidemia in 28.3%, overweight-obesity in 17.4% (7.9% obesity and 9.5% overweight), pre-hypertension and hypertension (PreHT/HT) in 8.8%, prediabetes in 4%, insulin resistance in 3.9% and metabolic syndrome (MS) in 2.5%. CRF’s were associated with overweight-obesity, being the most common, dyslipidemia (50.3% vs 23.7% in normal weight) and PreHT/HT (23.8% vs 5.7%; p=0.0001 for both). The risk of PreHT/HT, dyslipidemia, and MS were 5.14, 3.26 and 119.56 times more in overweight-obesity, than in low-normal weight respectively (p=0.0001 for all). In conclusion, the frequency of overweight and obesity in Mérida has increased over time. Given its clear association with CRF, it is recommended to provide the appropriated education to improve nutritional status.

Indução de endividamento hospitalar na compra de medicamento em situação de monopólio: o caso do mesilato de imatinibe / Induction of hospital indebtedness due to medicine purchases under monopoly conditions: the case of imatinib mesylate / Inducción de la deuda hospitalaria en la compra de medicamentos en monopolio: el caso de mesilato de imatinib

Os gastos com medicamentos correspondem a uma grande parcela do orçamento em saúde. Sendo assim, a produção de conhecimento sobre o uso desses recursos é essencial na tomada de decisão em saúde pública e melhoria da assistência farmacêutica. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o processo de endividamento em um hospital universitário de alta complexidade devido ao gasto crescente com a aquisição de mesilato de imatinibe. Por meio de análise documental e registros no Sistema de Informações Hospitalares (SIH) entre 2002 e 2010, realizou-se um estudo descritivo. A partir do caminho da incorporação do medicamento, foram mapeadas as estratégias da indústria farmacêutica e do governo, assim como as respostas governamentais de redução do preço. A sistematização e publicação de informações guardadas em arquivos e na memória podem contribuir para o acompanhamento dos resultados dos programas mantidos pelo Ministério da Saúde.

Medicine expenditures consume a large share of the health budget, so knowledge on the use of these funds is essential for decision-making in public health and improvement of pharmaceutical care. This study analyzed the indebtedness of a high-complexity university hospital due to increased spending on imatinib mesylate. The descriptive study was based on analysis of documents and records in the Hospital Information System (SIH) from 2002 to 2010. Starting with inclusion of the medicine in the budget, the study mapped strategies by the pharmaceutical industry and government, as well as government responses to reduce the product's price. The systematization and publication of information stored in files and electronic databases can help monitor the results of programs funded by the Brazilian Ministry of Health.

Los gastos en medicamentos representan una gran proporción del presupuesto de salud, por lo que la producción de conocimiento sobre el uso de estos recursos es esencial en la toma de decisiones en salud pública y la mejora de la atención farmacéutica. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar el proceso de endeudamiento en un hospital universitario de alta complejidad, debido al aumento de los gastos en la adquisición de mesilato de imatinib. A través del análisis de los documentos y registros en el Sistema de Información Hospitalaria (SIH) entre 2002 y 2010, se realizó un estudio descriptivo. A partir de la incorporación del medicamento, se mapearon las estrategias de la industria farmacéutica y del gobierno, así como las respuestas del gobierno para reducir el precio. La sistematización y publicación de la información almacenada en los archivos y su memoria puede contribuir para el seguimiento de los resultados de los programas mantenidos por el Ministerio de Salud.

The prevalence of glucose metabolism disturbances in Chinese Muslims and possible risk factors: a study from northwest China / Prevalência e possíveis fatores de risco de distúrbios no metabolismo da glicose em chineses muçulmanos: um estudo no noroeste da China

Objective To survey the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and pre-diabetes mellitus (PDM) in the Muslim population in northwest China, and discuss the risk factor. Materials and methods According to the income and the population, we randomly selected 3 villages with stratified and cluster sampling. The subjects were residents ≥ 20 years of age, and were from families which have been local for > 3 generations. The questionnaire and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were completed and analyzed for 660 subjects. Results The prevalence of DM and PDM between the Han and Muslim populations were different (P = 0.041). And the prevalence were also different with respect to age in the Han (P < 0.001) and Muslim population (P < 0.001) respectively. Except for the 20-year-old age group the prevalence of DM and PDM within the Muslim population was higher than the Han (P = 0.013), we did not find any significant difference for other age groups (P > 0.05). The intake of salt (P < 0.001) and edible oil (P < 0.001) in the Muslim population was higher than the Han, while cigarette smoking (P < 0.001) and alcohol consumption (P < 0.001) was lower. BMI (P < 0.001), age (P = 0.025), and smoking cigarettes (P = 0.011) were risk factors for DM and PDM, but alcohol consumption (P < 0.001) was a protective factor. Conclusions In northwest China, the prevalence of DM was higher in the Muslim population, and it was special higher on the 20-year-old age compared to the Han. This might be explained by the potential genetic differences and poor dietary habits. .

Objetivo Avaliar a prevalência de diabetes melito (DM) e pré-diabetes melito (PDM) na população muçulmana no noroeste da China e discutir os fatores de risco. Materiais e métodos Selecionamos três vilarejos de acordo com a renda e a população, usando uma amostra estratificada e por cluster. Os sujeitos eram residentes com ≥ 20 anos de idade e de famílias que estavam no local há mais de três gerações. Foram feitos e analisados um questionário e o teste de tolerância oral à glicose (TTOG) para 660 sujeitos. Resultados A prevalência do DM e PDM entre as populações Han e muçulmana foi diferente (P = 0,041), e as prevalências também foram diferentes com relação à idade na população Han (P < 0,001) e muçulmana (P < 0,001), respectivamente. Exceto pela faixa etária de 20 anos de idade, a prevalência do DM e PDM na população muçulmana foi maior do que na população Han (P = 0,013), não havendo diferenças significativas para as outras faixas etárias (P > 0,05). A ingestão de sal (P < 0,001) e óleos comestíveis (P < 0,001) na população muçulmana foi mais alta do que na população Han, enquanto o tabagismo (P < 0,001) e consumo de álcool (P < 0,001) foram mais baixos. O IMC (P < 0,001), a idade (P = 0,025) e o tabagismo (P = 0,011) foram fatores de risco para o DM e PDM, mas o consumo de álcool (P < 0,001) foi um fator protetor. Conclusões No noroeste da China, a prevalência de DM é maior na população muçulmana e é especialmente mais alta na faixa etária de 20 anos de idade, quando comparada com a população Han. Isso pode ser explicado por diferenças genéticas potenciais e hábitos alimentares ruins. .

Serum uric acid and disorders of glucose metabolism: the role of glycosuria

Hyperuricemia has been associated with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. We studied the association between hyperuricemia and glycemic status in a nonrandomized sample of primary care patients. This was a cross-sectional study of adults ≥20 years old who were members of a community-based health care program. Hyperuricemia was defined as a value >7.0 mg/dL for men and >6.0 mg/dL for women. The sample comprised 720 participants including controls (n=257) and patients who were hypertensive and euglycemic (n=118), prediabetic (n=222), or diabetic (n=123). The mean age was 42.4±12.5 years, 45% were male, and 30% were white. The prevalence of hyperuricemia increased from controls (3.9%) to euglycemic hypertension (7.6%) and prediabetic state (14.0%), with values in prediabetic patients being statistically different from controls. Overall, diabetic patients had an 11.4% prevalence of hyperuricemia, which was also statistically different from controls. Of note, diabetic subjects with glycosuria, who represented 24% of the diabetic participants, had a null prevalence of hyperuricemia, and statistically higher values for fractional excretion of uric acid, Na excretion index, and prevalence of microalbuminuria than those without glycosuria. Participants who were prediabetic or diabetic but without glycosuria had a similarly elevated prevalence of hyperuricemia. In contrast, diabetic patients with glycosuria had a null prevalence of hyperuricemia and excreted more uric acid and Na than diabetic subjects without glycosuria. The findings can be explained by enhanced proximal tubule reabsorption early in the course of dysglycemia that decreases with the ensuing glycosuria at the late stage of the disorder.

Prediabetes y diabetes sin asociación con obesidad en jóvenes mexicanos / Pre-diabetes and diabetes without association with overweight or obesity in Mexican youth

El propósito de este estudio fue identificar la prevalencia de prediabetes y diabetes en jóvenes e nuevo ingreso a una universidad y la relación de estos datos con los índices antropométricos. Participaron 3559 estudiantes, 2257 (61,43%) mujeres ( 18,58 años) y 1725 (36,59%) hombres ( 18,76 años). Se midieron los índices de masa corporal, cintura cadera y cintura talla. Se determinaron glucosa en ayunas, triglicéridos, colesterol total y lipoproteínas de baja y alta densidad. Se hicieron pruebas de razón de posibilidades (RP) y de intervalo de confianza al 95%. Hubo una elevada proporción de sobrepeso-obesidad combinados, 42,29% de mujeres y 52,45% en hombres. Se encontró que ± 10% de mujeres y hombres presentaron glucosa ≥ 5,6 mmol/L (prediabetes) y que ± 1,5% de mujeres y hombres tuvo glucosa ≥ 7 mmol/L (diabetes) sin que se encontrara relación entre este dato y el óndice de masa corporal (RP 0.97 para mujeres y 1,08 para hombres), cintura cadera (RP 1,7 en mujeres y 0.8 en hombres) o cintura talla (RP 1,1 en mujeres y 1,19 en hombres). Hubo triglicéridos elevados en 13,55% de mujeres y 21,04% de hombres y nivel bajo de lipoproteínas de alta densidad en 16% de mujeres y 10% de los hombres. Se encontró que en estos jóvenes la capacidad predictiva de los tres parámetros antropométricos se limitó a triglicéridos en mujeres y hombres (RP 2,4 en mujeres y 3,86 en hombres) y lipoproteínas de alta densidad disminuidas en mujeres (RP 0,42).

The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes in young in new college students and the relationship of these data with anthropometric indexes. 3559 students took part, 2257 (61,43 %) women ( 18,58 years) and 1725 (36,59%) men ( 18,76 years). Body mass index were measured up as well as waist hip ratio and waist height ratio. Fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low and high density lipoproteins were determined. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals were determined. There was a high proportion of overweight-obesity combined, 42,29% women and 52,45% men. They were founds ± 10% of women and men that presented glucose ≥ 5,6 mmol/L (prediabetes) and ± 1% of women and men that had glucose ≥ 7 mmol/L (diabetes). No relationship was found between this data and body mass index (OR 0,97women and 1.08 men), waist hip ratio (OR 1,7 women and 0.8 men) or waist height ratio (OR 1,1 women and 1.19 men). There was elevated triglycerides in 13,55% of women and 21,04% of men and a low level of high density lipoprotein in 16% of women and 10% of men. We found that in these young people the predictive power of the three anthropometric parameters was limited to triglycerides in women and men (OR 2,4 and 3.86) and low high density lipoproteins in women (OR 0,42).

Variabilidade da frequência cardíaca em pacientes pré-diabéticose portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Heart rate variability in pre-diabetic and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

O diabetes mellitus é um dos principais problemas de saúde pública, responsável por cerca de 5% de todasas mortes a cada ano e com prevalência e morbimortalidade em ascensão no Brasil e no mundo. Níveis glicêmicosacima do normal, mas sem preencher os critérios para diabetes mellitus, constituem o pré-diabetes. Estudosdemonstram que o diabetes mellitus está associado a alterações do sistema nervoso autônomo, constituindo fatorfisiopatológico importante no desenvolvimento de comorbidades, como a neuropatia autonômica cardiovascular.Porém, poucos estudos correlacionaram essas alterações com o período pré-diabetes, embora haja indícios de quepossam estar presentes já nessa fase. Objetivos: Demonstrar, por meio da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca, aexistência de correlação entre alterações do sistema nervoso autônomo, em pacientes pré-diabéticos e diabéticos.Métodos: Foram estudados 40 pacientes, divididos em quatro grupos: (A) controle; (B) pré-diabéticos; (C)portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 controlados; e (D) portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 não controlados. Osdados obtidos no Holter 24h foram correlacionados com os níveis glicêmicos de jejum e a hemoglobina glicada,além de dados clínicos, como pressão arterial, índice de massa corporal e circunferência abdominal. Resultados:Foi encontrada associação significativa ao se comparar o SDNN do grupo controle com pacientes diabéticoscontrolados (p=0,026) e não controlados (p=0,022). Conclusões: Os resultados encontrados sugerem que ospacientes diabéticos apresentam distúrbios na modulação autonômica cardíaca, conforme descrito na literatura,não sendo encontrada disautonomia cardíaca significativa em pré-diabéticos.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major public health problem, accounting for about 5% ofall deaths each year and rising prevalence and morbidity and mortality in Brazil and worldwide. Pre-diabetes isconstituted by blood glucose levels over the normal range which do not meet DM criteria. Studies have shown thatDM is associated with changes in the autonomic nervous system and is an important pathophysiological factorin the development of comorbidities such as cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. However, few studies havecorrelated these changes with pre-diabetes although there are indications that they may be present at this stage.Objectives: Demonstrate a correlation between the autonomic nervous system, pre-diabetes and diabetes changesusing heart rate variability. Methods: We studied 40 patients, divided into four groups: (A) control; (B) prediabetics;(C) patients with controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus, (D) patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes.Data obtained by the 24-hour Holter were correlated with fasting glucose levels and glycated hemoglobin, inaddition to clinical data such as blood pressure, BMI and waist circumference. Results: A significant associationwas observed when the control group SDNN was compared to that of controlled (p=0.026) and uncontrolled (p=0.022) diabetic patients. Conclusions: Based on the results we can suggest that diabetic patients have cardiacautonomic modulation disturbances, as described in the literature and significant cardiac dysautonomia was notobserved in pre-diabetics.

Fundamento: La diabetes mellitus (DM) es uno de los principales problemas de salud pública,responsable de un 5% de la totalidad de las muertes todos los años y con prevalencia y morbimortalidad enascensión en Brasil y en el mundo. La pre diabetes comprende niveles glucémicos arriba de lo considerado normal,pero no rellena los criterios para DM. Estudios demuestran que la DM está asociada con alteraciones del sistemanervioso autónomo, constituyéndose en importante factor fisiopatológico para el desarrollo de comorbilidades,como la neuropatía autonómica cardiovascular. Sin embargo, pocos estudios han correlacionado dichas alteracionescon el período pre diabetes, aunque existan indicios de que puedan estar presentes ya en esa fase. Objetivos:Demostrar una correlación, por medio de la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca, entre las alteraciones del sistemanervioso autónomo, la pre diabetes y la DM. Métodos: Se estudiaron 40 pacientes, divididos en cuatro grupos:(A) control; (B) pre diabéticos; (C) portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 controlados; y (D) portadores de DMtipo 2 no controlados. Los datos obtenidos en el Holter 24h fueron correlacionados con los niveles glucémicosde ayuno y hemoglobina glicada, además de datos clínicos, tales como: presión arterial, IMC y circunferenciaabdominal. Resultados: Se encontró asociación significativa al compararse el SDNN del grupo control conpacientes diabéticos controlados (p=0,026) y no controlados (p=0,022). Conclusiones: A partir de los resultadosencontrados, se puede sugerir, mediante los resultados hasta entonces obtenidos, que los pacientes diabéticospresentan disturbios en la modulación autonómica cardiaca, conforme descrito en la literatura, no encontrándosedisautonomía cardiaca significativa en pre diabéticos.

[Prevalence and risk factors of diabetes, pre-diabetes and metabolic syndrome in first-degree relatives of patients with type II diabetes]

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and risk factors for diabetes, pre-diabetes and metabolic syndrome in first-degree relatives [FDRs] of patients with type 2 diabetes. In a cross-sectional study between 2003 and 2005, 3228 of first-degree relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes [841 men and 2387 women] from Isfahan Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center outpatient clinics, Iran, were examined. All subjects underwent a standard 75 g 2-h oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT]. Impaired glucose tolerance [IGT], impaired fasting glucose [IFG] and type 2 diabetes were diagnosed according to the criteria of the American Diabetes Association and metabolic syndrome, according to the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program adult treatment panel [NCEP-ATP III]. The Prevalence of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, IGT and IFG were 35.8, 10.3, 19.5, and 17.3 percent, respectively. IGT [OR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.51-0.87] and metabolic syndrome [OR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.61-0.85] were more common among women, whereas IFG [OR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.10-1.80] was higher in men. Multivariate analysis revealed that age and obesity or abdominal obesity were significantly associated with diabetes, IGT and IFG. IGT, IFG and lower HDL were associated with metabolic syndrome. First-degree relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes are at higher risk of IGT, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. This risk increases with age and obesity. These findings may provide evidence for necessity of screening program in identifying a special subset of the population at particular risk of developing type 2 diabetes

The Ability of beta-Cells to Compensate for Insulin Resistance is Restored with a Reduction in Excess Growth Hormone in Korean Acromegalic Patients

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of diabetes and to study the effects of excess growth hormone (GH) on insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function in Korean acromegalic patients. One hundred and eighty-four acromegalic patients were analyzed to assess the prevalence of diabetes, and 52 naive acromegalic patients were enrolled in order to analyze insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion. Patients underwent a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test with measurements of GH, glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels. The insulin sensitivity index and beta-cell function index were calculated and compared according to glucose status. Changes in the insulin sensitivity index and beta-cell function index were evaluated one to two months after surgery. Of the 184 patients, 17.4% were in the normal glucose tolerance (NGT) group, 45.1% were in the pre-diabetic group and 37.5% were in the diabetic group. The insulin sensitivity index (ISI0,120) was significantly higher and the HOMA-IR was lower in the NGT compared to the diabetic group (P = 0.001 and P = 0.037, respectively). The ISI0,120 and disposition index were significantly improved after tumor resection. Our findings suggest that both insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function are improved by tumor resection in acromegalic patients.

Hemoglobina glicosilada A1c vs. glucemia plasmática en ayunas de pacientes ambulatorios de un laboratorio médico / Glycosylated haemoglobin A1c compared to fasting plasma glucose in outpatients referred to a medical laboratory

Objetivo Comparar la prueba hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c) en diferentes puntos de corte, con la prueba de glucemia plasmática en ayunas (GPA); para medición de glucosa en sangre en pacientes ambulatorios de un laboratorio médico de la ciudad de Medellín, entre marzo y abril de 2010. Métodos Estudio en 1016 muestras de sangre de pacientes referidos a un laboratorio médico. Se obtuvo la concordancia entre las pruebas (Índice de Kappa), se calcularon sensibilidad y especificidad, además se evaluaron diferentes puntos de corte para la prueba HbA1c con la curva ROC. Se usó correlación de Spearman para establecer la asociación entre GPA y HbA1c. Resultados El valor promedio de HbA1c fue 5,7 % ±0,8 y de la GPA fue 96 mg/dL±26,1; y esta última fue mayor en hombres (99,04±32,7). El 75,4 % de las muestras fueron normales para diagnóstico de diabetes con la prueba GPA, y con la HbA1c el 51,4 % clasificaron en este rango. El punto de corte donde la combinación sensibilidad-especificidad presenta los mejores valores para HbA1c fue 6,2 %. Discusión La prueba HbA1c presentó valores altos de sensibilidad y especificidad, por lo que su uso rutinario en el diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus podría contribuir a la búsqueda activa y la detección precoz de casos, que aseguren un mejor control de los factores de riesgo.

Objective Comparing haemoglobin A glycosylate (HbA1c) at different cutoff points for blood glucose measurement to the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test in outpatients visiting a medical laboratory in the city of Medellin between March and April 2010. Methods 1,016 blood samples were studied from patients who had been referred to a medical laboratory. Agreement was obtained between tests (Kappa index); sensitivity and specificity were calculated. Different cutoff points for the HbA1c test were also evaluated with the ROC curve. Spearman correlation was used to establish association between FPG and Hb A1c. Results Average HbA1c was 5.7 %±0.8 and average FPG was 96 mg/dL±26.1; this was higher in men (99.04±32.7). 75.4 % of the samples came within the normal range for diagnosing diabetes with the FPG test, compared to 51.4 % with the HbA1c test. The cutoff point where combined sensitivity and specificity presented the best HbA1c value in this study group was 6.2 %. Discussion The HbA1c test had high sensitivity and specificity values, so its routine use in diagnosing diabetes mellitus could contribute towards active and early detection of cases to ensure better control of risk factors.

Papel del equipo de salud en el diagnóstico y seguimiento de las personas con prediabetes / Role of the health team in diagnosis and follow-up of prediabetes persons

El problema de salud prediabetes ocupa un lugar importante al analizar el estado de salud de la población mundial, por su elevada prevalencia y presencia de sus factores de riesgo, así como su papel en la aparición de la DM y de la enfermedad cardiovascular. Nuestro país no escapa a este problema, y por esta razón este grupo de trabajo propone el papel que debe jugar cada estructura de nuestro sistema de salud para enfrentar este problema(AU)